# Power series

### Basic concepts and principles

As we seen at Cauchy's integral formula When a complex function has a derivative at a point, then it has infinite derivatives at that point. Then we say that the function is holomorphic at that point.

So, by Taylor's theorem, given a holomorphic function at a point, we can calculate the Taylor series for f of following mode: $$f(z) = f(a) + f'(a) (z-a) + \frac{f''(z)}{2!} (z-a)^{2} + ... + \frac{f^{(n)}(z)}{n!} (z-a)^{n} + ....$$

This leads us to the study of a more general type of series of functions called power series, it is the study of series of the form: $$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty}a_{n}(z-a)^n$$ Note that series is always convergent for z=a.

The previous series converges in some points and diverges in others, in general, there exists a radius R such that the series converges if |z-a| < R and diverges if |z-a| > R. For those points such that |z-a| = R, the series may or may not converge. The extreme cases are considered in which R = 0 when the series only converges for z = a or R = ∞. In general, R is called the radius of convergence of the power series.

We show below some criteria of convergence for power series

### Comparison criterion

If series $\sum |v_{n}|$ is convergent and $|u_{n}| \le |v_{n}|$, then the series given by $\sum u_{n}$ is absolutely convergent.

On the other hand, if the series $\sum |v_{n}|$ diverges and $|u_{n}| \ge |v_{n}|$, then the series $\sum |u_{n}|$ diverges, but series $\sum u_{n}$ can converge or not.

### Quotient criterion

If $\lim_{n\to \infty} |\frac{u_{n+1}}{u_{n}}| = L$, then $\sum u_{n}$ converges (absolutly) if L < 1 and diverges if L> 1. If L=1 the criterion fails.

### Root criterion

If $\lim_{n\to\infty} \sqrt[n]{|u_{n}|} = L$, then $\sum u_{n}$ converges (absolutly) if L < 1 and diverges if L> 1. If L=1 the criterion fails.

There are other criteria, criterion of the integral, criterion of Gauss, but with these for now it will be enough for the examples that we will develop here The following is a criterion for uniform convergence:

### Criterion M of Weierstrass

If $|u_{n}(z)| \le M_{n}$ for all z of a region R and $\sum M_{n}$ is convergent, then the series of functions $\sum u_{n}(z)$ it is convergent throughout the region R.

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